8 Crazy Things That Could Happen to the Workplace Within 30 Years

8 Crazy Things That Could Happen to the Workplace Within 30 Years Ever consider how the working environment of things to come will be unique? Here’s some something worth mulling over: a couple of situations to consider as we plan our professions in an evolving world. 1. Driverless CarsThis isn’t such a great amount about the work environment, however will positively change drives and furthermore in a general sense modify fields like mass travel and transportation, and perhaps likewise change the substance of the car business forever.2. No More OfficesMore and more organizations may select to have laborers set up remotely, either at home or in shared cooperating spaces. This will set aside organizations heaps of cash on office space and enable them to recruit ability from around the world.3. Enormous BrotherGPS checking may empower managers to follow your area, your wellbeing, and your profitability. This surely won’t be famous, yet as long as the innovation exists, a few organizations will need to utilize it.4. Workers’ ChoiceMore and more recent college grads entering the workforce are requesting that their bosses satisfy their moral guidelines. Anticipate that laborers should switch organizations and occupations more than they used to as they follow their interests and attempt to shape their optimal careers.5. Work ‘Til You DropWe’re all living longer, and organizations are disposing of exorbitant retirement programs. We’ll all most likely need to work a whole lot longer, especially as clinical advances keep us alive well past the future of our parents’ parents.6. Low maintenance PlusFreelancing might be the rush of things to come. It’s a lot less expensive for a business to enlist a consultant, without giving advantages or medical coverage. What's more, numerous laborers incline toward the control and adaptability that way of life manages them. The consistent 9-5 might be a dinosaur when our children enter the activity market.7. Counterfeit IntelligenceArtificia l insight will begin to supplant the same number of employments as doable, placing increasingly manual assignments in computerized hands. This will annihilate certain occupations, however make others in innovation and service.8. No More BossesZappos did it with their questionable â€Å"holacracy.† More and more organizations are rebuilding from the run of the mill straight snort level-up-to-huge supervisor model. We can anticipate increasingly parallel, integrative chains of command to begin shaping, which will change the essence of how we work and who we work for.9 ways the work environment will be diverse in 2050

The Effects of Baby Boomers on Social Security and Healthcare Free Essays

Expected Lifetime Costs of Significant â€Å"Aging Shocks† for a 65-Year-Old Today Population Needing Long-term Care If we additionally take a gander at another issue concerning why long haul care could be a huge weight is the quick expansion in consumptions for long haul care as of late. Medicare and Medicaid uses on nursing home consideration were $9 billion out of 1980, dramatically increasing to $25 billion by 1990, and multiplying again to $54 billion by 1999. In like manner, Medicare and Medicaid consumptions on home medicinal services expanded from under $1 billion of every 1980 to $5 billion out of 1990 and to $16. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Effects of Baby Boomers on Social Security and Healthcare or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now billion out of 1999, down from a high of $17 billion out of 1996 (Health Care Financing Administration 2000; Heffler et al. 2001). With this we can likewise observe that cash based costs have not been brought down at all either. Additionally there is a worry about long haul care costs that originates from a report by Curran, McLanahan, and Knab (in audit) it propose that youngsters who experience separation might be less willing or ready to think about their maturing guardians. Their information show that the likelihood of an older individual seeing an accessibility of passionate help from their youngsters is diminished from 71 percent for the individuals who wed once and stay wedded to 56 percent for the individuals who numerous and separate. Which would make these old Baby Boomers increasingly able to need to rely upon Social Security or an administrative enhancement? {draw:frame} There stay some generous difficulties to preparing to meet the drawn out consideration needs of Baby Boomers. Fundamentally there are four regions of worries that should be centered around: Creating a money framework for long haul care that works Building a feasible and moderate network based conveyance framework Investing in sound maturing so as to accomplish lower handicap rates, and Recharging the idea of family and the estimation of seniors in American culture. There are four wellsprings of installments right now account long haul care administrations for the older: Medicare, Medicaid, private protection, and cash based installments. The government Medicare program pays for around 24 percent of all drawn out consideration costs (Congressional Budget Office 1999). On a fundamental level, Medicare doesn't cover custodial long haul care, however recovery care. The government/state Medicaid program is presumably the most significant player in the drawn out consideration financing framework. Medicare may maybe, be considered as a back up to the Medicaid program. Essentially what Medicare does is help pay for the oldest and increasingly genuine conditions in the older who are in a circumstance that they have practically zero cash. Step by step instructions to refer to The Effects of Baby Boomers on Social Security and Healthcare, Papers

Blog Archive MBA Mission Launches New Book Series MBA Mission Insiders Guides

Blog Archive MBA Mission Launches New Book Series MBA Mission Insider’s Guides Over the years, we have heard countless students invoke stereotypes about the top-MBA programs. “Columbia is only a finance school.” “Kellogg is for marketing students.” Moreover, we have listened as candidates have lamented just how hard it is to get to know their target MBA programs. So, now, we have responded with the MBA Mission Insider’s Guides Series â€" seven e-books designed to allow you to get to know more about your target schools’ unique academic offerings across disciplines. Via the MBA Mission Insider’s Guides, we go beyond the stereotypes to educate you about each school’s resources  throughout the professional and academic spectrum: marketing, consulting, finance, entrepreneurship, non-profit, international business and more. Further, we provide a lengthy appendix so that you can learn about the school’s curriculum, star professors and more. We invite you to read our first of seven MBA Mission Insider’s Guides today: MBA Mission Insiders Guide to Harvard Business School MBA Mission Insiders Guide to the Stanford Graduate School of Business MBA Mission Insiders Guide to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania MBA Mission Insiders Guide to the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business MBA Mission Insiders Guide to the Kellogg School of Management MBA Mission Insiders Guide to Columbia Business School MBA Mission Insiders Guide to the Tuck School of Business Please return to our online store as we will be releasing more titles each month! Share ThisTweet Blogroll News

The Uniform Crime Report And The National Incident Based...

orting System fall under the Uniform Crime Reporting Program that provides information on crime all of the United States. This includes regions, states, counties, cities, towns, tribal law enforcement, colleges and universities. In this paper we will compare and contrast the two primary crime data sources used within the United States, the Uniform Crime Report and the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Before we do this, we will discuss each source individually and how it is used in Criminological research. The purpose of this study is to determine which source is lacking in function and which provides the best accurate information. In 1927, the Committee on Uniform Crime Records was formed under the direction of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) to create a system for gathering uniform police statistics. The committee first determined how to measure the criminality within the United States. After this was determined, members assessed several crimes and identified seven crimes that would be reportable to the Uniform Crime Reports Program. The Uniform Crime Report is now a nationwide assessment of reported crimes from various law enforcement agencies. Its main purpose is to provide statistical information on crime that can be analyzed for later use in multiple arenas that includes law enforcement administration, operation, and management. It is also used by policy makers, politicians, administrators and the press. Beginning in 1930, now underShow MoreRelatedThe Uniform Crime Reports The National Incident Based Reporting System978 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uniform Crime Reports verses The Na tional Incident Based Reporting System The purpose of this abstract is to critically review the primary data sources used in the criminological research. The two key factors that measures crime are distinguished: official crime statistics, which are based on the compile data records of offenders and offenses processed by the police, courts, and corrections agencies; and unofficial crime statistics, which are produced by people and agencies outside the criminalRead MoreMeasuring Crime Essay914 Words   |  4 Pages Measuring Crime Crime measurement and statistics for police departments are very important when it comes to money allotment, staffing needs or termination and it is also used to determine the effectiveness of new laws and programs. There are three tools used to measure major crime in the United States: Uniform Crime Reports, National Crime Victimization Survey and the National Incident Based Reporting System- which is currently being tested to replace the Uniform Crime Reports. Although thereRead MoreThe Flawed System Of The Uniform Crime Reporting Program882 Words   |  4 PagesThe two flawed systems that are in use for collecting crime statistics in the United States are, Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). These programs were developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigations to collect crime data from around the United States. Both systems are outdated and need to be updated. Although these programs may be flawed, they are still use d to collect very important data that is collected to write new policies thatRead MoreMeasuring Crime1070 Words   |  5 PagesMeasuring Crime in the United States Kyra Pettit CJA/204 August 5, 2013 Dr. Wafeeq Sabir Measuring Crime in the United States In the following paper, these criminal justice students will address the three major points of crime measurement in the United States. Even though there may be changes of crime statistics, but not changes in the crime rate; that is because crime can be measured in numerous ways. Two measuring systems being the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and Uniform CrimeRead MoreThe Sources Of Criminal Statistics872 Words   |  4 PagesThe Sources of Criminal Statistics The two flawed systems that are in use for collecting crime statistics in the United States are, Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). These programs were developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigations to collect crime data from around the United States. Both systems are outdated and need to be updated. Although these programs may be flawed, they are still used to collect very important data that areRead Morepredicting crime with the unifrom crime reporting system Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesPREDICTING CRIME WITH THE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING SYSTEM Predicting Crime With the Uniform Crime Reporting System Mitchell Adair Introduction to Criminal Justice: CJA 105-AUO A01 Argosy University 1 The Uniform Crime Reporting System is a statistical effort that is said to be cooperative of more than ten thousand state, city, and county law enforcement agencies on a basis that is considered Read MoreEssay on The Three Major Crime Reporting Systems633 Words   |  3 PagesUniform Crime reports, National Incident Based Reporting System and the National Crime Reporting Survey are all major crime reporting systems here in the U.S. Each crime reporting system has its own advantage and disadvantage towards the criminals and victims as well as the law enforcement involved. Each has a unique history on how it started and when, how it became as popular of a system as it is now and will it keep growing or will it one day start to fade into the background while other reportingRead MoreCrime Data Sources in the United States3348 Words   |  14 PagesCrime Data Sources in the United States: The collection of crime data in the United States is carried out through different approaches including Uniform Crime Reports and the National Incident-Based Reporting System, which also act as the two primary sources of crime data for crime reporting. The data obtained from these sources are used for research and documentation of crime status at the county, state, and national levels. Notably, the National Incident-Based Reporting System emerged as anRead MoreInvestigation Of The Criminal Justice Field1261 Words   |  6 Pagesand where crimes are happening and try to provide a solution to stopping them. However, people bring into question the accuracy and usefulness of crime statistics as they merely reflect the views of the policy makers. Two sources that collect and publish crime data and statistics are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, and the National Crime Victim Survey (NCVS). The Uniform Crime Reporting program was created in 1930 when Congress saw the need to begin collecting statistics on crime in theRead MoreNational Incident Based Reporting System1392 Words   |  6 Pages National Incident-Based Reporting System The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) stemmed from a mid-1980s report, is an incident-based reporting system (some states use a customized version) that is used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for the collecting and reporting of data on crimes that are known by police. NIBRS is the result of law enforcement thoroughly evaluating and modernizing the UCR (Uniform Crime Reports). The UCR, produced by the FBI, was initially

Improve Your Memory With the Loci Method

There are many theories and ideas about improving memory, including some that have been around since ancient times.   Ancient accounts show that early Greek and Roman orators used the loci method of remembering long speeches and lists. You may be able to use this method to enhance your memory at test time. The term loci refers to places or locations. To use the loci system, you will first need to think of a place or route that you can picture in your head very clearly. It can be your house, your school bus route, or any place that contains clear landmarks or rooms. For this example, we will use the thirteen original colonies as a list that we want to remember and your house as the method for remembering. The List of Colonies Includes: North CarolinaSouth CarolinaMarylandVirginiaDelawareNew HampshireNew JerseyPennsylvaniaMassachusettsConnecticutNew YorkRhode IslandGeorgia Now, picture yourself standing outside your house and begin to make connections with words on your memory list. In this case, you could make a mental note that the front of your house faces north and the back faces south. We have our beginning! North North CarolinaSouth South Carolina Your Tour Continues Imagine that you enter your house and see the coat closet. Open the closet door and note the smell. (It helps to invoke all the senses you can in this method). There you see the coat that Aunt Mary gave your mother (Maryland). The next room in this imaginary house tour is the kitchen. In this tour, you are suddenly hungry, so you go to the cupboard. All you can find is some virgin olive oil (Virginia). That wont do. You turn to the refrigerator and look inside. You know your mom just bought some new ham (New Hampshire) from the deli—but where is it? (Delaware). You manage to locate the items and assemble a sandwich. You carry it to your bedroom because you want to change into your new football jersey (New Jersey). You open the closet door and a pen falls on your head from the top shelf (Pennsylvania). Whats that doing there? you think. You turn to put the pen in your desk drawer. When you open the drawer, you see a giant mass of paper clips (Massachusetts). You grab a handful, sit down on your bed, and begin to connect them together to form a long chain (Connecticut). You realize youre still hungry. You decide you are ready for some dessert. You go back to the kitchen and look in the refrigerator again. You know youll find some leftover New York cheesecake from yesterday (New York). Its gone! Your little brother must have finished it off! (Note the shock and anger.) You turn to the freezer. There are two types of ice cream. Rocky Road (Rhode Island) or Georgia Peach (Georgia). You eat both. Now look over the list of states again, and think about the place association for each one. It wont be long before you can recite the list of states easily. This method can be used for remembering a list of objects or a list of events. All you need is keywords and associations for them. It may help you to come up with funny things that occur along your path. Emotion and sensory experiences will reinforce the information and enhance the exercise.

The Causes of the American Revolution Essay - 2359 Words

The American Revolution began for many reasons, some are; long-term social, economic, and political changes in the British colonies, prior to 1750 provided the basis for and started a course to America becoming an independent nation under its own control with its own government. Not a tyrant king thousands of miles away. A huge factor in the start of the revolution was the French and Indian War during the years of 1754 through 1763; this changed the age-old bond between the colonies and Britain, its mother. To top it off, a decade of conflicts between the British rule and the colonists, starting with the Stamp Act in 1765 that eventually led to the eruption of war in 1775, along with the drafting of The Declaration of Independence in†¦show more content†¦During the peace talks, Britain gained French holdings in Canada and Florida from France?s ally, Spain. Nevertheless, Britain amassed a large debt over the course of the war. To help pay off the debt, Britain came up with th e idea to use the American colonies to generate lost money. The French and Indian War changed the connection between Great Britain and the colonies. Before the war, Great Britain had become very wealthy from the colonies, after passing such acts as the Molasses Act in 1733, which imposed a tax on molasses. Molasses was used for a variety of things including making rum and was very important to the colonies economics. During the early period, the colonists had developed a nearly independent political and economic system. Because Britain had amassed large war debts; the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765. The act was intended to generate money from the colonies that would help pay for the cost to keep up a stable force of British troops in the American colonies. All authorized documents, including deeds, mortgages, newspapers, had to have a British government stamp, in order to be considered legal. Members of the Sons of Liberty, a patriotic secret group, were mostly active in opposing the stamp tax. They led a course of physical violence in which many official stamp agents were attacked by mobs and their possessions and propertyShow MoreRelatedThe Revolution : The Cause Of The American Revolution1898 Words   |  8 Pages The American Revolution was the turning point for the colonies that made up the United States today. It was the war that freed the colonists from British control. But what actually caused the American Revolution? Well, there’s no simple answer to that question. In fact, most of the causes acted as if they were dominoes. These events can be categorized in four periods of time or setting. These groups are, Salutary neglect, Mercantilism, Boston, and Unity of protests. Salutary neglect was the ideaRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1202 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history many revolutions took place, ranging from the unremarkable to a truly m emorable, as the French revolution, the American Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution, but American revolution took place in 1775-1783. The revolution was different from other revolution because of growing tensions between residents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government because American revolution was not like the others. This revolution was not like the others becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution738 Words   |  3 Pagesas the American Revolution, or the Revolutionary War. The American Revolution was a war between the colonists of America and Great Britain and they were fighting over the independence of America from Britain. This war lasted until 1781, when the British surrendered to the Americans, As a result, America is a fully independent country and it has stayed that way since that day. There were many causes of the war, The Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, and Lexington and Concord. The first cause of theRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution880 Words   |  4 Pages The American Revolution is the most important time in all of American history. This brought the birth of a new country and the treasured constitution. In the beginning, colonists were proud to be British. In the years to come, there were small occurrences that bothered the colonists and led to the Revolution. Other countries contributed to the start of a crueller British control. The French and Indian War caused King George III to introduce expensive taxes (Pavao). These taxes came about becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1335 Words   |  6 Pageswere multiple causes for the American Revolution, but the most important was the violation and deprivation of rights from the American People. The American people were faced with multiple acts and taxes that violated and took away their rights. Americans were continuously being taxed after the French and Indian War by acts like the sugar act, the stamp act, the Townshend acts,the tea act, and many more(Hedtke, et al., The Ame rican Saga). Despite all the taxes being placed on the Americans and the thingsRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution886 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution began on April 19, 1775. It was the war between Great Britain and its colonies located in the New World. The colonists, as many historians put it, were like children rebelling against the motherland; however, they had many valid reasons for this revolt, including their desire for freedom and independence. My World History textbook says freedom was falsely promised when the colonists had settled (Krull 868). The more direct causes of this widely known rebellion include taxesRead MoreCauses of the American Revolution953 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Thou Mr. G./ Period 1 September 14, 2012 Causes of the American Revolution The American Revolution began in 1755 as an open conflict between the thirteen colonies and Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris had ended that war in 1783, giving the colonies their own independence. There are many factors contributing to the start of the Revolution, but the war began as the way The Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. For example, the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Revolution The causes of the American Revolution go back to the beginning of salutary neglect and the French and Indian War, as well as changes in the thinking of society. The effects of these events and other factors led to pressure within the colonies, ultimately resulting in rebellion. There were five factors to the nature of the American Revolution: The Environment, The Enlightenment, Self-Government, Economic Independence and Colonial Unity. The first factor that led to the AmericanRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution813 Words   |  4 PagesCauses Before the American Revolution, any imports from England from us had to come in ships owned by the British. Also, we could only sell tobacco and sugar to England. The British took French territory in Canada, east of the Mississippi River, and Spanish Florida which led to the American Revolution. Due to the war, Britain went in debt so, the British government placed taxes on goods so they could make more money. But that’s not all that led to the American Revolution, both the us and the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe American revolution was a period in time when tensions began to rise between the people of Great Britain s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government. It took the colonists nearly a decade before they had had enough of the british. The British had tried to increase taxes. With the taxes increasing it caused the colonists to become very upset with the British. Causing them to meet the Britishes taxing by a heated protest about wanting the same rights as other British citizens. It

Busines Comparative Issues in International Management

Question: Discuss about the Busines Comparative Issues in International Management. Answer: Introducton: International management is centered on the need for businesses and countries to thrive. To achieve this goal, many countries and businesses have come up with better ways to increase income and reduce cost (Ghemawat, 2017). The need to achieve the competitive advantage and remain productive in the global markets has resulted in new dimensions in international management. International management has been changing over time with respect to globalization. There is continued supraterritorality, modernization, and liberalization in an attempt to create connection between countries in various fronts (Li et al., 2017). It is important to note that countries and business entities strive to lower production costs and increase profit margins. Currently, there is offshore business operations that are deemed to lower costs and an attractive proposition (Ghemawat, 2017). It is also vital to note that offshoring presents several risks that management should deal with and leverage the opportunities in such operations. Today, many multinational companies purpose to hire global managers who are capable of operating across national lines. It is strongly believed that global managers ensure that a company gains smooth entry into a host country. Ideally, working in a foreign culture presents several challenges to managers. Additionally, the laws and regulations in a foreign country is a point of concern to the host nation. Furthermore, evidence has shown that offshore operations exacerbates existing management concerns. These concerns may include quality control and security issues (Reeves, Harnoss, 2017). Many organizations are carrying out outsourcing in an attempt to reduce the costs concerned with infrastructure, selection of employees, training and reducing the hiring of employees. Moreover, development of an effective repatriation strategy for multinational companies is viewed as an imperative tool that can be used to maximize human resource management (Yeniyurt Carnovale, 2017). Repatriates are a vital area of human resource management that has been used in spurring economic growth and development. Management teams are working hard towards the realization of sustainable innovation. There is reorganization is key to performance improvement and development synergy. Emphasis on quality is used to pull workforce together (Knight, R. (2017). However, globalization presents several drawbacks. Although there is proliferation of technological methods in communication such as, encrypted e-mails and satellite videoconferencing there are several management challenges (Yeniyurt Carnovale, 2017). It is imperative to point out that cultural differences that include basic shared assumptions, norms, values and beliefs affect management at the global level. Cultural differences often lead to culture shock among expatriates. International management requires the ability to think and act both locally and globally (Knight, R. (2017). It is generally believed that global mindset is a common characteristic of a good global manager. In this respect, global managers are expected to understand the conceptualization of complex geopolitical forces and their effect on international management. Generally, there is belief that the political environment in a nation is a critical factor in coming up with strategies and regulations. The political environment therefore, influences performance of industries and firms (Adler Graham, 2017). In addition, governance and politics play a crucial role in the management of firms and their possible outcomes. For instance, more than thirty years ago, China barred foreign investment. In essence, China had isolated herself from international trade and obligations that were being undertaken by other countries (Li et al., 2017). Later, the country opened its doors for foreign investments as a result of changes in government interventions and regulations. The regulatory and government intervention issues touch on policies that businesses are expected to adhere to (Gupta, 2017). Currently, there are stricter regulations and rules that are geared towards streamlining business operations. In some countries, a friendly business environment has bee n created that include tax reduction among others. Change in policies affects international management in view of decision making and it requires that managers to come up with means of countering such policies in the best way possible (Dominguez Mayrhofer, 2017). Additionally, many countries have come up with rules and regulations which impacts foreign firms such as expropriation, confiscation, and domestication. For instance, in Russia, the government threatened to confiscate assets owned by European companies and the United States. Several countries have attempted to domesticate foreign investments so as to prioritize production and local resources. Corruption poses a great challenge to international management (Adler Graham, 2017). The vice is endemic to various countries and affects different policies. There are instances where local politicians have to be bribed in order to return a favor (Knight, 2017). Corruption contributes to loss of resources, inefficiency, weakened development and rise in crime rate. Moreover, political instability has had tremendous impact on international management. In many countries, there have been civil wars, revolutions, and coups that have threatened businesses (Li et al., 2017). References Adler, N. J., Graham, J. L. (2017). Cross-cultural Interaction: The International Comparison Fallacy? In Language in International Business (pp. 33-58). Springer International Publishing. Dominguez, N., Mayrhofer, U. (2017). Internationalization stages of traditional SMEs: Increasing, decreasing and re-increasing commitment to foreign markets. International Business Review. Knight, R. (2017). We Dont Need Political Solutions for Global Trade We Need Practical Ones; hbr.org, Harvard business review. Retrieved 11 April 2017, from https://hbr.org/2017/03/we-dont-need-political-solutions-for-global-trade-we-need-practical-ones Li, L., Liu, X., Yuan, D., Yu, M. (2017). Does outward FDI generate higher productivity for emerging economy MNEs? Micro-level evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms. International Business Review. Ghemawat, P. (2017). Even in a Digital World, Globalization Is Not Inevitable. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 11 April 2017, from https://hbr.org/2017/02/even-in-a-digital-world-globalization-is-not-inevitable Gupta, V. (2017). The Promise of Blockchain Is a World Without Middlemen. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 11 April 2017, from https://hbr.org/2017/03/the-promise-of-blockchain-is-a-world-without-middlemen Reeves, M. Johann Harnoss, j (2017). An Agenda for the Future of Global Business. (2017). Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 11 April 2017, from https://hbr.org/2017/02/an-agenda-for-the-future-of-global-business Yeniyurt, S., Carnovale, S. (2017). Global supply network embeddedness and power: An analysis of international joint venture formations. International Business Review, 26(2), 203-213.

School Violence Essays (1564 words) - Crime, School Bullying

School Violence Violence in society is more prevalent today than ever before. Media and entertainment have opened up violent images for children to see. Availability of weapons to school age children seems incredulous. News stories of elementary school children bringing guns to school and killing classmates are sickening yet true. What is happening to our country? What is happening to our schools? It is no secret that academic performance has declined over the last thirty or forty years. Today's students are not as proficient in the ?three R's? as are parents or grandparents was. ?Cultural illiteracy,? is rising. Cultural illiteracy indicates a failure to ?possess the basic information needed to thrive in the modern world,? or to ?be deficient in one's understanding of the basic terms and concepts that a person needs to function properly in our society.? (Schroder 75). As public education has grabbed the attention of parents, policy-makers, and political candidates, the problems of school violence have received increased attention. School safety has become the sixth initiative of the U.S. Department of Education's Goals 2000 program. They propose Safe, Disciplined, and Drug-free Schools by the year 2000. (Perlstein B. 02) Despite heightened public attention following a surge in multiple homicides in schools, overall school crime rates are declining, according to the new 1999 Annual Report on School Safety. (Journal of American Medical Association 34) ?Although America can be glad that school crime is decreasing,? said President Clinton; ?we must take firm steps to ensure the safety of all our young people in their communities and in their schools. Congress should finish its work on the juvenile justice conference and finally pass a comprehensive and balanced bill that includes common sense gun provisions that will keep guns out of the hands of children and criminals.? (Quindlen 98) A source of conflict in many schools is the perceived or real problem of bias and unfair treatment of students because of ethnicity, gender, race, social class, religion, disability, nationality, sexual orientation or physical appearance is what a report noted. An update on hate crime legislation and related statistics is included, but the report also notes that hate crimes are often underreported and data collection is further complicated because state definitions of hate crime vary. Recent data shows that about fifteen percent of eleven, thirteen, and fifteen-year-olds have been bullied because of their religion or race, and more than thirty percent have had sexual jokes, comments or gestures directed at them. (Schroeder 75) Gun laws are an interesting issue in the never-ending civic debates that is this nation. There is hardly any true debate about them at all. Polls have long shown that the majority of the American people, even the majority of gun owners, support government efforts to make sure guns are less dangerous and less often in the hands of the violent, the deranged and the very young (Schroeder 75). This makes any reasonable person wonder how such public consensus can have spawned such an illusion of strife, and so much stillborn legislation. The answer is simple. Many of the elected officials who oppose gun laws aren't true believers. Many experts believe that the shootings at Columbine and other schools are not just a school problem. They say that problems in American society also play a role. Some experts say there is too much violence in the media, including movies, music, and TV. The American Academy of Pediatrics has urged a limit to the amount of TV kids watch because it is too violent. (Perlstein B.02) Just recently I found an article on a teenager in an Oregon school shooting who received one hundred and eleven years in jail. Kip Kinkle pleaded guilty to a jury in September of 1998 to a May shooting that injured twenty-four students at his high school. As a 15-year-old high school student, Kinkel shot his parents who were both popular Spanish teachers, Bill and Faith Kinkel, at home on the day he was suspended for bringing a handgun to school. The next morning he drove the 10 miles to school and opened fire with a .22-caliber rifle in a crowded cafeteria, killing two students. (Online 1999) While there are can be no guarantees, many cities around the country are turning to community programs

Learn Which Sharks Lay Eggs

Learn Which Sharks Lay Eggs Bony fish produce large numbers of eggs that may scatter throughout the ocean, sometimes getting eaten by predators along the way. In contrast, sharks (which are cartilaginous fish) produce relatively few young. Sharks have a variety of reproductive strategies, although they can be divided into two main groups - those that lay eggs, and those that give birth to live young. Read more about the reproductive strategies of sharks below. How Do Sharks Mate? All sharks mate through internal fertilization. The male inserts one or both of his claspers into the females reproductive tract and deposits sperm. During this time, the male may use his teeth to hold on to the female, so many females have scars and wounds from mating. After mating, the fertilized eggs may be laid by the mother, or they may develop either partially or fully inside the mother. The young get their nourishment either from a yolk sac or other methods, which are described in more detail below. Egg-Laying Sharks Of the approximately 400 species of sharks, about 40% lay eggs. This is called oviparity. When the eggs are laid, they are in a protective egg case (which sometimes washes up on the beach and is commonly called a mermaids purse). The egg case has tendrils that allows it to attach to a substrate such as corals, seaweed or the ocean bottom. In some species (such as the horn shark), the egg cases are pushed into the bottom or into crevices between or under rocks. In oviparous shark species, the young get their nourishment from a yolk sac. They may take several months to hatch. In some species, the eggs stay inside the female for a period of time before they are laid, so that the young have a chance to develop more fully and spend less time in the vulnerable, immobile egg cases before they hatch. Types of Sharks That Lay Eggs Shark species that lay eggs include: Bamboo sharksWobbegong sharksCarpet sharksHorn (bullhead) sharksSwell sharksMany catsharks Live-Bearing Sharks About 60% of the shark species give birth to live young. This is called viviparity. In these sharks, the young remain in the mothers uterus until they are born. The viviparous shark species can be further divided into the ways the young sharks are nourished while in the mother: Ovoviviparity Some species are ovoviviparous. In these species, the eggs are not laid until they have absorbed the yolk sac, developed and hatched, and then the female gives birth to young that look like miniature sharks. These young sharks get their nourishment from the yolk sac. This is similar to sharks that form in egg cases, but the sharks are born live. This is the most common type of development in sharks.Examples of ovoviviparous species are whale sharks, basking sharks, thresher sharks, sawfish, shortfin mako sharks, tiger sharks, lantern sharks, frilled sharks, angelsharks and dogfish sharks. Oophagy and Embryophagy In some shark species, the young developing inside their mother get their primary nutrients not from a yolk sac, but by eating unfertilized eggs (called oophagy) or their siblings (embryophagy). Some sharks produce a large number of infertile eggs for the purpose of nourishing the developing pups. Others produce a relatively large number of fertilized eggs, but only one pup survives, as the strongest one eats the rest. Examples of species in which oophagy occurs are the white, shortfin mako and sandtiger sharks. Viviparity There are some shark species that have a reproductive strategy similar to humans and other mammals. This is called placental viviparity and occurs in about 10% of the shark species. The eggs yolk sac becomes a placenta attached to the females uterine wall and nutrients are transferred from the female to the pup. This type of reproduction occurs in many of the larger sharks, including bull sharks, blue sharks, lemon sharks, and hammerhead sharks. References Canadian Shark Research Laboratory. Reproduction. Accessed January 31, 2012.Compagno, L., Dando, M. and S. Fowler. 2005. Sharks of the World. Princeton University Press.Florida Museum of Natural History. Shark Basics. Accessed January 31, 2012.Greven, H. 2009. Viviparous Sharks. Shark Info / Prof. H. Greven. Accessed January 31, 2012.Hamlett, W.C. Reproductive Modes of Elasmobranchs. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed January 31, 2012.Martin, R.A. Elasmobranch Reproductive Modes. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Accessed January 31, 2012.Skomal, G. 2008. The Shark Handbook. Cider Mill Press Book Publishers: Kennebunkport, ME. 278pp.

Property Law&Practice 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Property Law&Practice 2 - Coursework Example The main reason that leads to the formulation of part II of the agreement was to bring protection to the business tenants. A business tenant having protection by the act will not get any eviction simply by the receipt of notification to relinquish the house, or by the lapse of a fixed term of the tenancy evacuate the room or building. It is stipulated that the landlord, in consideration to evacuate the tenant, has to serve the tenant with an evacuation notice. The tenant, on the other hand, has to respond to, before any action including eviction can be carried out. On the same note, part II of the same act is applicable to the tenancy where the property being used obtains the protection. The act talks of an inclusion of the premises which includes those occupied by the tenant for the use of the business carried out by that tenant. The purpose might be for the specified business, or any other businesses carried out by the tenant. The act has some exceptions such as the one seen in S.4 3., for the company to improve that all the tenants take a lease period of more than six months. This is already applicable to all the tenants to ABC. The act does not provide a cover from the leases less than six months and have no scope for renewal. Even though both parties involved can agree on not to be covered, it is important to note that having a cover is very important, both to the business and its tenants, as well. Additionally, the tenancy that is granted by purpose of engagement by the guarantor has to be covered. Additionally, a tenancy that has obtained a grant by reason of occupation by the grantor gets excluded from the Act. This holds as long as there is clear agreement that states the purpose for which the tenancy exists. The condition of leasing of the building hall to the tenant who will then lease individual rooms to other businesses may prove productive in the long run. The tenant should take advantage of the fortification offered through the act. As a letting c ompany, the houses should be left under the control of the management. This will ensure maximum returns on the investment carried out. For ABC Company to make significant progress, it has to get a timely and accurate performance of the assets. It should also ensure that it gets market information relating to other people who deal in the same businesses. Any successful investor has to make sure that it embraces core assets management strategies. This has a pivotal role in ensuring that they make better investment decisions. They can also see to it that critical staff gets freed, and those left to manage the property do it diligent and efficiently. It is a common undertaking nowadays that most businesses experience fluctuating business cycles. This problem gets compounded by credit contractors and limited liquidity. Therefore, the company should seek accounting and finance services relating to the following scales; account receivable, Corporate Accounting/General Ledger, account payab le, portfolio accounting, as well as fund accounting. To avoid the risk incurred by fluctuations in business, ABC Ltd has to make sure that the terms of leases to do not rely on the profits and losses of the tenants. There are several ways that the property investment can be maximized. They include the following 1 Exit strategy: even though the business has already acquired the

Finance Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance Paper - Essay Example Bahamas for example has 301 licensed banks whereas the British Virgin Island only has 7. Offshore banking has a countless number of rewards, ranging from low to no taxation, to greater privacy and anonymous accounts, as well as protection against financial instability. With that being said, I would like to emphasize what these banks also offer. Offshore banking has aided terrorist by laundering their financial resources, allowing them to fund terrorist activities that are partially impossible to detect. It also highlighted in the collapse of the company Enron, where the company used offshore banks to avoid paying millions of dollars in US Tax. Offshore financial centers have very significant reasons for their existence. These financial resources provide financial services; these financial services can be divided into three broad groups: (i) Private investments, (ii) Asset protection, (iii) Estate planning (Higgins, 2000). Private investments are the significant part of the offshore f inancial centers. In the private investments, investments are handled and managed with an intention of reducing the potential tax liabilities. Additionally, private investments are done to increase the protection which is granted or provided under the legal confidentiality provisions. Asset protection comes with the use of international jurisdiction. In this category, with the help of international jurisdiction, the residence of client is separated; and asset protection helps protecting the income and assets from political, legal and fiscal risks. Estate planning is about assets and their administration. In estate planning, mostly assets, all types of assets, are properly administrated with the help of legal and fiscal jurisdictions (Higgins, 2000). With the help of financial institutions; like, international business corporations (IBCs), insurance companies, mutual funds, offshore corporations, and some of the recent gaming companies, a large and huge amount of funds are deposited in OFCs. With these available funds, different types of investment are made to generate some economic and financial contributions in the economy. Little work has been done to understand and determine the role and contribution of offshore banking in the creation and generation of employment and employment opportunities. It is the creation and availability of employment opportunities by the OFCs that provide the importance and significance of offshore banks as far as their role for the development of economy is concerned. Any sector is valued and measured in the economy on the basis of its contribution to the economy. Mostly, there are two ways in which this contribution is measured and analyzed: One, the money contribution of offshore banking. This means the amount of tax paid by the offshore banks in the economy determines and measures its value for the economy. There is another contribution given and provided by the offshore banks. That is of economic nature- creation and generatio n of employment opportunities. Various examples are available that clearly indicate and highlight that offshore banks are licensed. After getting license, they have established various branches in different parts of the world. A large amount of investment has been made to make offshore banking functional and useful.

The Evolution of Urban Society in Mesopotamia

The Evolution of Urban Society in Mesopotamia Where and when did the first urban societies appear? Were the earliest cities a prerequisite for the development of civilization or merely by-products of it? These are fundamental questions that are attempted to be answered in studies of the ‘urban revolution, which is defined as â€Å"emergence of urban life and the concomitant transformation of human settlements from simple agrarian-based systems to complex and hierarchical systems of manufacturing and trade.† (Gotham 2007) For decades now, many anthropologists, archaeologists and historians have accepted that the ‘cradle of civilization was situated in the Fertile Crescent, a vast stretch of land which extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. More specifically referred to is Mesopotamia, meaning â€Å"land between the rivers† in Greek, lying in the basin of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Mesopotamia is indeed the oldest site that provides evidence of a complex and urban society, s uch as writing, grand architecture, and bureaucracy. It contains all the characteristics necessary to support the social, economic, and religious needs of a large and sedentary population. Although there is no exact definition for an urban society, scholars have established a myriad of different criteria to classify societies. One of the earliest, and most important, lists of characteristics used to evaluate whether a society can be described as urban was V. Gordon Childes ten-point model in his seminal article â€Å"The Urban Revolution†. His analysis of these different, yet related, factors is often summarized under the acronym â€Å"POET†: population, organization, environment and technology (Wyly 6:2008). For this essay, I will focus on these four criteria and how the ancient societies in Mesopotamia satisfied them. First of all, the growth and density of a population depends on the food supply available, which is restricted by the natural resources available to the inhabitants. Mesopotamia was blessed as a rich agricultural area between its two rivers. It had very favourable geographical characteristics as a flat and alluvial land. As a consequence of its consistent elevation, the Tigris and the Euphrates flowed relatively slowly. The lack of natural dykes or barriers to the rivers caused the yearly flooding. The waters consistently overflowed their banks and deposited a rich layer of silt onto the plains. Since the ground in southern Mesopotamia was extremely fecund, people were able to regularly grow an abundance of crops which could support a considerable population. According to Elvin Wyly (1998), â€Å"After a long period of struggles to improve cultivation techniques in the fertile river valleys, archaeologists believed, an ‘agricultural revolution allowed the production of a surpl us that eventually laid the basis for an ‘urban revolution about 5,500 years ago (3,500 before the current era, or BCE).† It was from the environment that social surpluses were made possible, meaning farmers were able to produce annually more food than what was necessary to sustain him and his family. However, the annual flooding of the plains was often a mixed blessing. Although the fertility of the soil was caused by centuries of silt deposits transferred from the river beds, the flooding could also be unpredictably catastrophic. In an instant, rivers could destroy crops and wipe out entire communities and their inhabitants. Once the hordes of neighbouring peoples settled in adjacent to the waterways, it became necessary for them to join together in a form of collective management to protect their settlements and livelihoods from flooding. This collective management of the flood waters and the social surplus associated with it formed the rudimentary conditions for the progression of Sumerian civilization. Childe (1950: 8) makes this point clear when he notes, â€Å"At the same time dependence on river water for the irrigation of the crops restricted the cultivable areas while the necessity of canalizing the waters and protecting habitations against annual floods encouraged the aggregation of population. Thus arose the first cities—units of settlement ten times as great as any known Neolithic village.† These novel agricultural innovations of controlled irrigation and canalization served as catalysts for the broader societal changes. By providing a consistent social surplus, the populations of the earliest cities in Mesopotamia were able to rapidly increase in absolute terms and also in the density of their settlement. The greater numbers of people provided the basis for specialization and hierarchical institutions. The largest Mesopotamian city Ur, which was built on a tributary of the Euphrates, had a maximum population of 34, 000 in the old walled city, and possibly more than 340,000 when its surrounding regions are included (Wyly 2008: 2). This is an astounding number for a settlement during this period. Among the rivers and streams, the Sumerian people built the first cities along with irrigation canals which were separated by vast stretch es of open desert or swamp where nomadic tribes roamed. Communication among the isolated cities was difficult and at times dangerous. Thus each Sumerian city became a city-state, independent of the others and protective of its independence. This demonstrates that the development of cities and states were inextricably linked, as one was necessary for the formation of the other. This irrigation cultivation and food surplus released certain members of the population from manual labour. The economic and political transformations that brought about early complex societies were largely due to the production of a social surplus by commoners, which enabled the formation of political differentiation and the complex division of labour. Thus began the process of social stratification and the formation of different social classes, perhaps the most significant change incurred by the Urban Revolution â€Å"As with other cities of Mesopotamia, Ur was socially heterogeneous, with a detailed specialization of labor, and substantial differences in wealth and power between an elite class and the remainder of the population.† (Wyly 2008: 2). A strict hierarchy began. At the top were the land-owning elites, consisting of nobles, priests and the military, who controlled the distribution of the surplus. Next, there were specialists such as craftspeople, metallurgists, and scribes employed to track the surplus. At the bottom were the powerless peasants who supported the entire economy on their backs. Smith (2009: 10) notes that â€Å"Sir Leonard Woolley (1954) was directing excavations at Ur, where he uncovered evidence for many craft specialists in the residential neighborhoods.† The power of the elites was symbolized and consolidated by the construction of grand public monuments. â€Å"Every Sumerian city was from the first dominated by one or more stately temples, centrally situated on a brick platform raised above the surrounding dwellings and usually connected with an artificial mountain, the staged tower or ziggurat.† (Childe 1950: 14). Granaries and workshops were attached to these temples allowing the concentration of food and wealth to be held in the hands of a relative few. The ability to store and trade the surplus spurred scientific innovations in measurement and storage, while new political means emerged to supervise the allocation of the surplus and its benefits. According to Childe (1950: 16), new technologies and innovations emergence directly from the need to manage and organize the surplus. The priests and bureaucrats of Sumerian temple invented the first type of writing, in the form of Sumerian cuneiform, as a way of accounting and re cording the resources and revenues collected as tribute from the commons. The invention of writing led to the development of other â€Å"exact and predictive sciences—arithmetic, geometry and astronomy†. The use of writing and sciences for administrative purposes by the state is one of the hallmarks of a more complex, urban society. George Cowgill (2004: 535) claims that â€Å"If the first cities were deliberately created, it is likely that they were new kinds of settlements that arose abruptly, rather than old kinds of settlements that gradually grew so large that they became qualitatively as well as quantitatively different.† Works Cited Childe, V. Gordon 1950 The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review 21:3-17. Cowgill, George L. 2004 Origins and Development of Urbanism: Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 33:525-544. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica 2009 History of Mesopotamia. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/376828/Mesopotamia, accessed November 20, 2009. Smith, Michael E. 2009 V. Gordon Childe and the Urban Revolution: An Historical Perspective on a Revolution in Urban Studies. Town Planning Review 80:3-29. Wyly, Elvin 2008 Urban Origins and Historical Trajectories of Urban Change. Introduction to Urban Geography 1-10.

Expression of Renaissance Ideals throught the Art of the Period :: European Europe History

Expression of Renaissance Ideals throught the Art of the Period The humanist and secularist beliefs of religion, individuality, and antiquity were evident in the style and illustration of Italian paintings and sculptures in the High Renaissance era. A deep sense of piety, Greek and Roman philosophy, and secularism, can be found in nearly all Renaissance paintings and sculptures, and the school of thought in Renaissance society that regarded the artist as genius contributed to all of these items. Historically, religion is the defining factor of nearly all paintings in modern and medieval European history. The Last Supper by Leonardo, The School of Athens by Raphael, Michelangelo's huge sculpture of the ancient Hebrew king David, Giotto's paintings of the Virgin Mary and Saint Francis of Assisi, and Masaccio's The Holy Trinity serve as an infinitesimally small sample of the vast selection of religiously inspired paintings, frescos, sculptures, and architectural endeavors created by Renaissance artists. The School of Athens by Raphael is an artistic representation of the beliefs and interpretations of the Renaissance humanist philosophers such as Petrarch and Drusus. Great classical mathematicians such as Pythagoras stand under the statue of the Greek goddess of reason, Athena, while intellectuals such as Socrates teach on the right, under the statue of the Greek patron of poetry, Apollo. This fresco also illustrates the existence of an intellectual community of painters, sculptors, and leaders such as Michelangelo and Leonardo, who exist in the painting as Greek philosopher Heraclitus and Plato, respectively. This select group of individuals was in fact the majority of the thinking power of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci represents most strongly the secularist style in Renaissance art. His painting of The Last Supper shows the very strained emotions of Jesus' apostles when he informs them that he is to be betrayed. The lines of emotion and the expressions on the apostle's faces clearly depict the secularist real, the non-exaggerative, worldly style of secularism exhibited through the writings of Boccaccio and Lorenzo Valla. Michelangelo's dome for Saint Peter's Basilica and the roof of the Sistine Chapel display the secularist attitude the Roman Catholic Church adopted in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The fact that the Catholic Church, the wealthiest institution in the world, sponsored this art shows the elitist status that artists must have assumed in the Renaissance, and how the church supported the belief that the hand of God worked through the hands of the artists.

Eddie loves Catherine Essay

The reason why Eddie loved Catherine so much is because she knew everything about him and had the qualities that Eddie liked. Eddie treated her like a child because he did not want he to realise that she was growing up. Eddie liked this because he could have control over her. At this point this is when the audience realises that Eddie has no hopes except from the hopes of having a woman he can never have. The audience may think that Eddie is selfish because he will not let Catherine lead her own life. By looking at the way eddies personality changes I think that he is having a mid-life crisis. There are different types of relationships in the play: The relationship with Eddie and Catherine is incestuous love. The relationship between Beatrice and Eddie is platonic love. The relationship between Rodolpho and Eddie is they are like rivals trying to get Catherine. The relationship between Marco and Eddie is hatred. The relationship between Alfieri and Eddie that Alfieri is eddies lawyer. I feel that Catherine is partly to blame because she knew everything about Eddie and so she should have realised his feeling to wards her. Also she should have not acted like a child all the time allowing Eddie to have control over her. I feel sorry for Marco because he is a good person trying to give his family a good future but Eddie destroys his plans. I also feel sorry for Rodolpho because he done what everyone does, falls in love. We can tell that he is a good person because he tries to make up with Eddie. I think Beatrice has no self-esteem because she does everything that Eddie tells her and does not stick up for herself. I think that Eddie is helpless. He is obsessed with work and I think that he has no future. I think that because he did not get his only hope that he did not mind dying. I do not feel sorry for Eddie dying because he is a back stabber and should not of done what he done. I think that he is very over protective and over reacted when he found out that Catherine was in love. The audiences’ reaction might be different to mine but I was shocked when Marco killed Eddie because I thought that it might have been Rodolpho that killed him because of all the things that Eddie done to him.

How to Form the Italian Gerund

The Italian gerundio—what looks like aspettando, leggendo, capendo—is a quasi counterpart of the English progressive tense, combined with uses of the English present participle -ing. While English has a gerund, it does not correspond in its uses to the Italian gerundio. In fact, what is expressed in English with the gerund (I love eating pasta, for example) is, in Italian, expressed with other tenses, most often the infinitive or the past infinitive: Amo mangiare la pasta. So, think of the Italian gerundio mostly as a progressive tense with -ing, but with uses that are peculiar to Italian: some similar to English, some not at all. Sto mangiando. I am eating.Mangiando, ho imparato molte cose sulla cucina. I have learned a lot about cooking from eating.Luomo camminava cantando. The man was walking while singing.Si possono conservare le salse congelandole. Sauces can be conserved by freezing them.Avendo visto i fiori nel campo, la ragazza scese dalla macchina per coglierli. Having seen the flowers in the field, the girl got out of the car to pick them. Forming the Gerundio Semplice There are two forms of gerundio: gerundio semplice (doing) and gerundio composto (having done, being done). They are also called gerundio presente and passato, but that can be confusing since the gerundio presente can be used in past actions. To form the simple gerundio of regular Italian verbs, add -ando to the stem of -are verbs and -endo to the stem of -ere and -ire verbs: guardare (to look): guardandovedere (to see): vedendodormire (to sleep): dormendo There are irregular gerundi (plural of gerundio). For example, with dire, fare, bere, porre, and tradurre, the gerundio is made through the root of their imperfetto tense, harkening to their Latin infinitives (dicere, facere, bevere, ponere, and traducere): Their gerundi are dicendo, facendo, bevendo, ponendo, and traducendo respectively. It is helpful to have a book on Italian verbs handy to check on irregularities. Remember, a verb can have an irregular participio passato—for example, mettere (to put, to put on), with its participio passato messo—and have a regular gerundio (mettendo). The Gerundio Composto The gerundio composto, a compound tense, is formed with the gerundio form of the auxiliary avere or essere (avendo and essendo) and the past participle of the verb you are conjugating. You use avere for transitive verbs and any verb that uses avere as the auxiliary; you use essere for intransitive verbs that take essere, verbs in reflexive mode, verbs in reciprocal mode, some (but not all) pronominal verbs, and the passive voice. Remember your ground rules for using the right auxiliary. Gerundio Semplice Gerundio Composto guardare guardando looking avendo guardato/essendosi guardato/a/i/e having looked/having looked at oneself vedere vedendo seeing avendo visto/essendosi visto/a/i/e having seen/having seen oneself dormire dormendo sleeping avendo dormito having slept dire dicendo saying avendo detto/essendosi detto/a/i/e having said fare facendo doing avendo fatto having done bere bevendo drinking avendo bevuto having drunk porre ponendo putting avendo posto/essendosi posto/a/i/e having put/having posed tradurre traducendo translating avendo tradotto having translated mettere mettendo putting avendo messo/essendosi messo/a/i/e having put/having put on Progression and Contemporaneity By itself or in combination with the verb stare in various tenses, the gerundio can create a magical layering of progression and contemporaneity, in addition to providing subtleties of cause or manner. In the Present with Stare In the present as the main verb, the gerundio semplice expresses the progression of an action as its happening. The stare functions as auxiliary. Che fai? Sto lavorando. What are you doing? I am working.Cha fa Luca? Luca sta mangiando. What is Luca doing? He is eating.Che fate? Stiamo guardando un film. What are you all doing? We are watching a movie. It is not much different from saying, with the Italian presente, lavoro, or Luca mangia, or guardiamo un film, but it puts more emphasis on the unfolding of the action. It is about the process of the action. Same Subject, Contemporaneous Action The gerundio semplice is also used to express contemporaneity with another verb having the same subject in a variety to tenses, from the present to the remote past and the past perfect. Camminando, penso molto. Walking, I think a lot.Spesso cucinando penso a mia nonna. Often while cooking I think of my grandmother.Spesso cucinando pensavo a mia nonna. I used to think of my grandmother often while cooking.Scendendo dallaereo scivolai e mi ruppi una gamba. Getting off the plane I fell and broke my leg.Pensando alla nonna, avevo deciso di telefonarle ma mi sono dimenticata. Thinking about Grandma, I had decided to call her, but then I forgot. Contemporaneous Action, Different Subjects The gerundio semplice can be used with stare to express a progressive action contemporaneous or coordinated with another action having a different subject in a variety of tenses and modes. Io stavo scendendo e tu stavi salendo. I was going down and you were going up.Stavo facendo la spesa quando Marco ha telefonato. I was shopping when Marco called.Quando hai chiamato stavo lavorando. I was working when you called.Quando tornerai starà ² sicuramente lavorando. When you return I will surely be working.Quando tu starai dormendo io starà ² viaggiando. When you will be sleeping, I will be traveling.La mamma pensa che stia lavorando. Mom thinks that I am working.Pensavo che Luca stesse lavorando. I thought that Luca was working. With Andare The gerundio can be used also with the verb andare. With andare the action is incremental; with stare it is more truly progressive: Il rumore andava crescendo mentre scendevo nei sottopiani della metro. The noise grew while I descended into the lower floors of the subway.Mentre ero allestero la nostra amicizia andava scemando, ma non mi rendevo conto. While I was abroad our friendship went diminishing, though I did not realize it. Adverbial Functions Layered into the framework of time and contemporaneity, the Italian gerundio in subordinate clauses serves prepositional, adverbial purposes. In other words, it gives us modifying information. Adverb of Manner The gerundio can be used in Italian to tell us in what condition the main verb occurs: screaming, crying, running. Arrivarono urlando. They arrived screaming.Scesero dal treno piangendo. They got off the train crying.Correndo, finalmente arrivarono. They finally arrived, running. Adverb of Means or Way The gerundio can be used to tell us by what means or method the main action occurs: Setacciandola, togliete le impurità   dalla farina. Remove the impurities from the flour by sifting it.Parlando, la calmerete. By talking, you will calm her.Leggendo diventerete saggi. You will become wise by reading. Adverb of Time The gerundio can frame the time or period of the main action: Parlando non si guardarono mai. While they were speaking, they never looked at each other.Tornando allalba lo vidi. While I was returning at dawn I saw him.Camminando si toccarono con la mano. While they were walking, they touched each other with their hand. Adverb of Condition The gerundio can be used to set a condition to the main verb: Volendo, potresti partire. If you wanted to, you could leave.Dovendo tornare, sono partita. Having to return, I left. Causal Adverb The gerundio can be used to give an explanation for the main verb: Non sapendo a chi chiedere aiuto, Luisa scappà ². Not knowing who to turn to for help, Luisa ran away.Sentendo le urla, mi preoccupai. Hearing the screams, I became worried.Avendo visto tanta morte, il generale indietreggià ². Having seen so much death, the general retreated. This last sentence brings us to the gerundio composto. Uses of the Gerundio Composto The gerundio composto necessitates a subordinate clause, setting the background for something else, with different or same subject. It is used by well-spoken Italians and in a lot of written Italian, but there are also simpler ways of saying the same thing, with a bit of loss of elegance, perhaps. Avendo fatto la spesa, sono tornata a casa. Having shopped, I went home. Alternatively, you could say, Dopo aver fatto la spesa sono tornata a casa. Avendo visto i fiori, decisi di fermarmi a guardarli. Having seen the flowers, I decided to stop to look at them. Alternatively, you could say, Quando ho visto i fiori mi sono fermata a guardarli. Essendomi guardata allo specchio, ho deciso di cambiarmi. Having looked at myself in the mirror, I decided to change. Alternatively, you could say, Dopo che mi sono vista allo specchio, ho deciso di cambiarmi. In the last sentence the gerundio is causal and used in the passive voice, with essere. Indeed, in the passive voice the gerundio is used with essere. Essendo la cena stata servita, mangiammo. Having dinner been served, we ate.Essendo il bambino affidato al nonno, la mamma non lo vide pià ¹. Having the child been entrusted to the grandfather, his mother no longer saw him. Pronouns With the Gerundio When there is use of pronouns, for example, with gerundi of reflexive verbs or pronominal verbs, or if there are direct object or indirect object pronouns, you attach the pronouns to the end of the gerundio if the gerundio is alone and semplice. Lavandomi i capelli nel lavandino mi sono bagnata. Washing my hair in the sink I got wet.Ho rotto le uova portandole a casa. I broke the eggs carrying them home. Portandogli la lettera sono caduta. While taking him the letter I fell.Standole vicina ho visto la sua forza. By staying close to her I saw her strength. If the gerundio is composto, the pronouns get attached to the auxiliary; if stare is used as auxiliary to the gerund, the pronoun moves to before the verbs. Essendomi lavata i capelli nel lavandino, mi sono bagnata. Having washed my hair in the sink, I got wet.Avendole detto quello che volevo dire, ho lasciato Luisa al treno. Having told Luisa what I wanted to tell her, I left her at the train.Avendogliela portata (la lettera), sono tornata a casa. Having taken it to him (the letter), I went back home. With stare as auxiliary: Mi sto lavando i capelli. I am washing my hair.Gli stavo portando la lettera quando sono caduta.I was taking him the letter when I fell. Nouns From the Gerundio The Latin gerund, from which the uses of the contemporary Italian gerundio have mostly distanced themselves, did, however, leave to the Italian a good number of nouns: among them are faccenda, leggenda, and bevanda. Buono studio!